Virtual Reality (VR) is emerging as a valuable training tool to reduce the resources required for training in many flight tasks. This novel research focuses on pilots learning how to successfully perform in-air refueling tasks with the help of VR. To train Airmen effectively and efficiently in this advanced training environment, human factors tools were integrated with learning theory research to develop recommendations. Utilizing the Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) methodology, researchers mapped the process of successfully completing the in-air refueling task. With eyetracking technology embedded in the virtual reality headset, this effort focused on identifying training inefficiencies by monitoring and tracking ocular activity during in-air refueling. Using both visual graphics and statistical comparison, five areas of interest were identified for each pilot’s VR attempt. Instructors' data served as a baseline comparison to the students' data. This process allowed researchers to observe where the B-52 pilots are looking relative to where they should be looking based on the results of the ACTA, during the in-air refueling task. In addition to analyzing pilot performance in VR, structured training model recommendations were identified. Based on the foundation of the SEEV (Salience, Expectancy, Effort, Value) model, the Four Component Instructional Design (4C/ID) Model was ultimately integrated to create a proposed learning framework, fusing the traditional learning process with the use of virtual reality as a supplemental training tool. Targeted learning objectives in a multiscaffolding transfer of training approach were developed with an emphasis on human factors supported improvements to the interface in the VR simulation. Recommendations included modifying the VR simulation, integrating the parttask process, and increasing instructor training. Incorporating virtual reality as a training tool, with a structured learning approach and ease of information, has the potential to supplement and improve training efficiencies for specific in-air tasks.

Keywords
AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY (AR/VR);COGNITIVE;FLIGHT TRAINING;HUMAN FACTORS

Additional Keywords
EYE-TRACKING