Simulation tools and techniques have been a part of acquiring medical knowledge and skills for over 4,000 years, with more scientific approaches emerging hand-in-hand with the European Renaissance. This tutorial is a comprehensive overview of medical simulation to include their use in addressing COVID-19 and pandemics, history, system taxonomies, devices and techniques for representing external and internal anatomy and physiology, the role of team training, specialized military medical applications, the growing role of AI in medical simulation, and criteria for current simulation-based medical training accreditation. The story includes manikins, part-task trainers, game-based systems, surgical simulators, standardized patients, physical prostheses, team training events, artificial intelligence techniques, and certifications. 

The innovation and acceleration section shares new tools, techniques, and technologies that have emerged in 2021 and that are changing the nature of traditional training systems and events.