Tactical decision-making teams in the modern warfare environment are faced with situations characterized by rapidly unfolding events, multiple plausible hypotheses, high information ambiguity, severe time pressure, and severe consequences for errors. In order to adapt to these stressors, team members must learn to coordinate their actions so that they can gather, process, integrate, and communicate information in a timely and effective manner. A key factor toward ensuring a team's success in a cognitively complex and stressful task environment is training that incorporates explanation, demonstration, practice, dialogue and feedback. However, evaluating teamwork skills, and providing meaningful performance feedback is a complex and demanding task for combat systems' trainers. In support of facilitating real-time shipboard team training assessment and feedback, the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division developed the On-line Anti-Air Warfare Team Observation measure (ATOM) and Debriefing Guide. These performance measurement tools facilitate the capture of on-line performance measures, and provide diagnostic feedback to a team. Both instruments were tested in conjunction with the Battle Force Tactical Training developmental test on-board an AEGIS capable ship in October 1994. The On-line ATOM was used to assess team processes with respect to each scenario, and shipboard trainers used the Debriefing Guide to provide feedback to the team within 15 minutes following each scenario. Trends during the DT-IIA training period showed an improvement in the team's teamwork skills. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines for facilitating shipboard team training. Guidelines will include (a) designing trigger event-based training scenarios, (b) developing measures of team performance, (c) designing a performance feedback system, and (d) developing training for assessing and providing feedback to facilitate teamwork skills.
Guidelines for Facilitating Shipboard Team Training
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