Military, but also homeland security and law enforcement agencies are facing increasing complexity: operational and tactical units are assigned larger geographical areas of responsibility with less personnel. Operations run faster and, thus, decision cycles become shorter. At the same time, the spectrum of tasks becomes broader as operations are conducted in various dimensions: the information space has to be observed; cyber operations, as well as operations in the electro-magnetic spectrum; joint and combined forces and civilian partners have to be coordinated. With operations taking place “amongst the people”, soldiers and law enforcement operatives must not only act as troopers, but also as “armed social workers”.

This paper focusses on the command and control process as central element of operations. It describes use cases of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analysis in the Command and Control (C2) process, supported and enabled by Constructive Simulation (CS) as modelling and simulation backbone. Use cases include: Applying Artificial Intelligence in the Command and Control Process (AI4Op), Constructive Simulation within an AI Development Environment (Sim4AI), Provision and Simulation of AI Services (SimOfAI) and Support of Constructive Simulation by Automation (AI4Sim). The paper shows how constructive simulation systems can be utilized today and in future for the development and testing of respective AI-based command and control services to support current and future operations by promoting the integration of assets across different disciplines.

Finally, the paper reflects on architectural challenges when integrating Artificial Intelligence, Constructive Simulation and Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) and proposes an architecture that is applicable for training and operations.