Medical imaging technology has changed patient diagnosis since the first x-ray in 1895 (Rontgen, 1896). Powerful imaging technologies like Computed Tomography (CT), Ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are now used daily. One study showed preoperative imaging for potential appendicitis reduced unnecessary surgeries by 87% (Raman et al., 2008). With the 2015 Defense Budget including $47.4 billion for the Military Health System (Overview United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2015 Budget Request Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/ Chief Financial Officer, 2014), enhanced use of imaging for improved patient care and cost reduction is critical. More recently, functional MRI (fMRI) technology was developed to extend medical imaging beyond 3D static models to capture physiological changes over time. Currently, fMRI is used for applications from examining beating hearts to mapping brain activity in real-time. fMRI has the potential to dramatically change how illnesses are diagnosed, planned for, and treated. Methods created for visualizing fMRI data in the academic realm have rarely made their way into commercial software toolsets. For example, there are no software libraries available for researchers to create their own fMRI visualization tools. Another consideration needs to be the visual manner (i.e., 2D, 3D, or 3D stereo) in which these visual representations are created. Previous research on visualizing medical data has demonstrated improved understanding of spatial relationships when using stereoscopic 3D over traditional 2D representations. This indicates that virtual reality may be a superior medium for visualizing fMRIs. This paper presents research to: 1) make readily available fMRI software libraries and 2) use these libraries to visualize fMRI data in immersive VR. The method was tested on a desktop computer as well as a large multi-walled VR system running off a cluster of computers. Preliminary results have indicated that visualizing fMRI data in VR can be done in a computationally efficient manner. Multiple fMRI datasets were used for evaluation by measuring load times and frame rates.
Visualizing fMRI Data Using Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality
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