The introduction of simulation into minimally invasive robotic surgery is relatively recent and has seen rapid advancement; therefore, a need exists to develop training curriculums and to identify systems that will be most effective at improving surgical skills. Several robotic simulators have been introduced to support these aims, but their effectiveness has yet to be fully evaluated. Currently, there are three simulators -- the daVinci Skills Simulator, Mimic dV-Trainer, and Surgical Simulated Systems’ RoSS. While multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the validity of each system, no studies have been conducted which compare the value of these devices as tools for education and skills improvement. This paper presents the results of an experiment comparing value, usability, and validity of all three systems. Subjects who were qualified as medical students or physicians (n=105) performed one exercise on each of the three simulators and completed two questionnaires, one regarding their experience with each device and a second regarding the comparative effects of the simulators. This data confirmed the face, content, and construct validity for the dV-Trainer and Skills Simulator. Similar validities could not be confirmed for the RoSS. Greater than 80% of the time, participants chose the Skills Simulator in terms of physical comfort, ergonomics, and overall choice. However, only 55% thought the skills simulator was worth the cost of the equipment. The dV-Trainer had the highest cost preference scores with 71% percent of respondents feeling it was worth the investment. This work is the second component of a three-part analysis. In the previous study, the simulators were objectively reviewed and compared in terms of their system capabilities. The third part will evaluate the transfer of training effect of each simulator. Collectively, this work will offer end users and potential buyers a comparison of the value and preferences of robotic simulators.
Comparison of the Usability of Robotic Surgery Simulators
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