The introduction of simulation into minimally invasive robotic surgery is relatively recent and has seen rapid
advancement; therefore, a need exists to develop training curriculums and to identify systems that will be most
effective at improving surgical skills. Several robotic simulators have been introduced to support these aims, but
their effectiveness has yet to be fully evaluated.
Currently, there are three simulators -- the daVinci Skills Simulator, Mimic dV-Trainer, and Surgical Simulated
Systems’ RoSS. While multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the validity of each system, no studies
have been conducted which compare the value of these devices as tools for education and skills improvement.
This paper presents the results of an experiment comparing value, usability, and validity of all three systems.
Subjects who were qualified as medical students or physicians (n=105) performed one exercise on each of the three
simulators and completed two questionnaires, one regarding their experience with each device and a second
regarding the comparative effects of the simulators. This data confirmed the face, content, and construct validity for
the dV-Trainer and Skills Simulator. Similar validities could not be confirmed for the RoSS. Greater than 80% of
the time, participants chose the Skills Simulator in terms of physical comfort, ergonomics, and overall choice.
However, only 55% thought the skills simulator was worth the cost of the equipment. The dV-Trainer had the
highest cost preference scores with 71% percent of respondents feeling it was worth the investment.
This work is the second component of a three-part analysis. In the previous study, the simulators were objectively
reviewed and compared in terms of their system capabilities. The third part will evaluate the transfer of training
effect of each simulator. Collectively, this work will offer end users and potential buyers a comparison of the value
and preferences of robotic simulators.