The return of American warfighters to their bases and their garrisons presents an opportunity to bolster scarce training resources and expertise with new assessment technologies. America made a similar investment in the 20th century as it shifted its intelligence budget to supplement human intelligence gathering with technologies that unobtrusively captured data concerning the activities of foreign powers. Here, we present a unifying vision of several emerging technologies that can improve military training. Following a human systems engineering approach, we first define the functional requirements of future training and readiness assessment systems, describe the architectural requirements for providing those functions, and then describe systems for the Marine Corps and Air Force that instantiate this architecture. Next we focus on two fundamental and new components of this emerging architecture: sensors that capture human performance data unobtrusively, and big data analytics that make sensor data meaningful and actionable. Finally, we identify several scientific and technical challenges encountered during the initial implementation and planned testing of these architectures.