Expectations for learning anytime and anywhere are accelerating through the use of mobile technologies. While mobile devices are common for personal use, integration into learning systems poses multiple challenges. Organizations are expending great efforts to ensure connectivity and provide adequate security for users and information; however, these efforts may overshadow the pedagogical issues that are essential to realize the benefits of mobile technologies for learning. Innovative use of mobile technologies is more than parsing curriculum into smaller parts, migrating existing content for widespread access, or providing just-in-time information. Embracing mobile technologies offers an opportunity to rethink curriculum, examine assessment practices, and clarify distinctions between learning and performance support. This paper presents results of a yearlong examination of mobile technology use in military, academic, and government organizations. Multiple methods including interview, survey, literature review, and review of online sources and applications were used to determine how organizations are delivering mobile training in remote settings, the challenges they encounter, and the strategies they use to overcome these barriers. We also examined the pedagogical affordances offered by mobile applications. Examples include ways mobile learning is being used to tailor content to users' needs and locations, expand practice and collaboration activities, and provide authentic learning and assessment. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies for integrating mobile learning into a hybrid or blended learning environment. Specifically the research was driven by the following questions:

• What is mLearning?

• How do distinctions between learning interventions and performance support affect design and use of learning applications (apps)?

• Can learning be delivered anywhere? How can learning be delivered in remote locations? What are the challenges?

• How can capabilities of mobile technologies facilitate learning?

• What are the implications of current research for integrating mobile learning into a blended or hybrid learning environment?