Visual fidelity is a critical element in designing cost-effective training simulations. Methods for quantifying the impact of fidelity components such as resolution on the training experience could optimize cost-benefit analyses in the development of simulated training environments. An ongoing research effort seeks to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a Perceptually-informed Virtual Environment (PerceiVE) Design Tool, capable of using operator behavior and physiology to provide a novel approach to simulation design and assessment. This study reports the results of a basic research experiment examining neural signatures based on event-related potentials (ERPs) that vary as a function of stimulus resolution and are related to performance in a militarily-relevant simulation training task involving vehicle classification. The results of this study demonstrate that ERPs varied across four classes of vehicles and were sensitive to changes in the fidelity of the vehicles within the simulated task environment. While performance, measured by accuracy and reaction times, distinguished between the various stimulus resolution levels and between classes of vehicles, the ERPs further highlighted interactions between resolution and class of vehicle, revealing subtle but critical aspects affecting the perceptual discrimination for the vehicles within the training environment. The distinctive ERP signatures offer a method to characterize objects within military training scenarios that required higher resolution for effective training, as well as those that could be easily recognized at lower resolutions, thus saving developers time and money by highlighting the most efficient requirements to achieve training efficacy. The ERPs can be measured unobtrusively during training, allowing developers to access a metric that could be used to guide scenario development without requiring repeated transfer of training assessments and without relying solely on performance or subjective responses. This novel approach could potentially be used to determine which aspects of VE fidelity will have the highest impact on transfer of training with the lowest development costs for a variety of simulated task environments.