The U.S. military is increasingly participating in Operations Other Than War (OOTW). There is growing pressure to train for leading these operations, which include humanitarian crises, non-combat evacuations, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping. OOTW requires a different mindset than the military has generally trained for in the past. Understanding this mindset is a key factor to successful operations. We conceive of this mindset as a successful response to the variety of cognitive challenges in the OOTW environment. To support the development of OOTW familiarization training for the U. S. Air Force, 3rd Air Force, Mildenhall, England, we used Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) methods to uncover the cognitive challenges operators face, specifically in humanitarian assistance missions. We conducted 42 CTA interviews with members of the Army, Air Force (including Special Forces), and representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). We interviewed them regarding their experiences with humanitarian missions as well as humanitarian tasks within OOTW missions that were not purely humanitarian. We analyzed the data to uncover specific cues, factors, and strategies that experienced operators had used to maintain situation awareness, maintain mission focus, and envision exit strategies, as well as to meet the cognitive challenges that working with inter-agency and multinational forces presents. We are currently developing a low fidelity, web-based vignette training product. Given the multi-national and multi-agency nature of these missions, the training is designed for use by multiple personnel in multiple locations to encourage learning about how each organization may approach a variety of situations. Users will log on to the training site; under the tutelage of an instructor they can build an experientially-based understanding of the cognitive challenges in humanitarian operations. User testing will be conducted in August 2002, and the product will be implemented late 2002.