Well-coordinated tactical teams are essential for mission success. Distributed mission training (DMT) has significant potential for improving this coordination. A parallel team training approach, cockpit resource management (CRM) training can provide valuable lessons learned regarding interactive crew processes that promote this coordination. Although, by definition, single-seat fighters do not have crews, pilots in a four-ship of F-16s, together with their weapons director, do form a tactical team, making CRM processes relevant to mission effectiveness. DMT provides scenario control that is not available in aircraft training. This control provides the capability to identify key behaviors exhibited by the most (and least) effective tactical teams. These behaviors can be translated into well-defined training objectives and associated measures of training effectiveness, which in turn will enable comparisons among alternative DMT training practices. Characteristics of effective CRM training across the services are summarized, including the need for concrete training objectives, a high degree of operational relevance, and instruction that is tailored to the needs of the participants. The key behaviors that are most consistently linked with effective crews in CRM research are compared and contrasted with behaviors that appear to affect mission effectiveness in DMT air-to-air, 4 v X scenarios. The latter behaviors were derived from observations made over the past 18 months as F-16 pilots received flight leader upgrade training at our Mesa Arizona DMT facility. Electronic Combat (EC) training was found to be a particularly fertile domain in earlier CRM research. The same holds true for DMT. Tactical behaviors for EC are also identified. Military researchers have made substantial progress over the past few years toward developing reliable measures of CRM. We conclude with a research plan to systematically capture more detailed quantitative and qualitative CRM data from DMT scenarios. The initial goal is to identify the CRM behaviors exhibited by the most (and least) effective fighter teams. Ultimately, these behaviors will be translated into well-defined training objectives from which process and outcome measures can be developed to enable comparisons among alternative DMT training practices.
A Bridge Between Cockpit/Crew Resource Management And Distributed Mission Training for Fighter Pilots
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